Principles of Genetics refer to the fundamental concepts that explain how traits and characteristics are inherited from parents to offspring.

Key principles include:

• Law of Segregation – Each organism carries two alleles for a trait, which separate during gamete formation.

• Law of Independent Assortment – Genes for different traits are inherited independently.

• Dominance and Recessiveness – Some traits (dominant) mask the expression of others (recessive).

• Genetic Variation – Occurs through mutation, recombination, and random fertilization.

These principles form the foundation of modern genetics, helping us understand heredity, evolution, and genetic disorders.